SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Middleware</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Middleware</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

<p><b>Middleware</b> is a type of <a href="Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a> program that provides services to software applications beyond those available from the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. It can be described as "software glue".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MW-00_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-00-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Middleware makes it easier for <a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">software developers</a> to implement communication and input/output, so they can focus on the specific purpose of their application. It gained popularity in the 1980s as a solution to the problem of how to link newer applications to older legacy systems, although the term had been in use since 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_distributed_applications">In distributed applications</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Middleware_(distributed_applications)" title="Middleware (distributed applications)">Middleware (distributed applications)</a></div>

<p>The term is most commonly used for software that enables communication and management of data in <a href="Distributed_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed application">distributed applications</a>. An <a href="IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> workshop in 2000 defined middleware as "those services found above the <a href="Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">transport</a> (i.e. over TCP/IP) layer set of services but below the application environment" (i.e. below application-level <a href="Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">APIs</a>). In this more specific sense <i>middleware</i> can be described as the hyphen ("-") in <i><a href="Client-server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client-server">client-server</a></i>, or the <i>-to-</i> in <i><a href="Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a></i>. Middleware includes <a href="Web_server" title="Web server">web servers</a>, <a href="Application_server" title="Application server">application servers</a>, <a href="Content_management_system" title="Content management system">content management systems</a>, and similar tools that support application development and delivery.<sup id="cite_ref-EtzkornIntro17_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EtzkornIntro17-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>ObjectWeb defines middleware as: "The software layer that lies between the <a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> and applications on each side of a distributed computing system in a network."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services that can be regarded as middleware include <a href="Enterprise_application_integration" title="Enterprise application integration">enterprise application integration</a>, <a href="Data_integration" title="Data integration">data integration</a>, <a href="Message_oriented_middleware" class="mw-redirect" title="Message oriented middleware">message oriented middleware</a> (MOM), <a href="Object_request_broker" title="Object request broker">object request brokers</a> (ORBs), and the <a href="Enterprise_service_bus" title="Enterprise service bus">enterprise service bus</a> (ESB).<sup id="cite_ref-LuckhamEvent11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LuckhamEvent11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="DBMS" class="mw-redirect" title="DBMS">Database</a> access services are often characterised as middleware. Some of them are language specific implementations and support heterogeneous features and other related communication features.<sup id="cite_ref-SimonOpen14_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimonOpen14-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of database-oriented middleware include <a href="ODBC" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC">ODBC</a>, <a href="JDBC" class="mw-redirect" title="JDBC">JDBC</a>, and <a href="Transaction_processing" title="Transaction processing">transaction processing</a> monitors.<sup id="cite_ref-ArregocesData03_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArregocesData03-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Distributed computing system middleware can loosely be divided into two categories—those that provide human-time services (such as web request servicing) and those that perform in machine-time. This latter middleware is somewhat standardized through the <a href="SA_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="SA Forum">Service Availability Forum</a><sup id="cite_ref-SAFService11_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFService11-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is commonly used in complex, <a href="Embedded_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">embedded systems</a> within the telecom, defence, and <a href="Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> industries.<sup id="cite_ref-JokiahoService12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JokiahoService12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_of_middleware">Usage of middleware</h2></div>

<p>Many categories of middleware have been defined, based on the field in which it is used or the application module it serves. A recent bibliography identified the main categories of middleware as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li>Transactional: Processing of multiple synchronous/asynchronous transactions, serving as a cluster of associated requests from distributed systems such as bank transactions or credit card payments.</li>

<li>Message-oriented: Message queue and message passing architectures that support synchronous/asynchronous communication.</li>

<li>Procedural: Remote and local architectures to connect, pass, and retrieve software responses of asynchronous systems communications such as a call operation.</li>

<li>Object-oriented: Similar to procedural middleware, but incorporates object-oriented programming design principles. Analytically, its software component encompasses object references, exceptions, and inheritance of properties via distributed object requests.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_examples">Other examples</h2></div>

<p>The term <i>middleware</i> is used in other contexts as well. <i>Middleware</i> is sometimes used in a similar sense to a <a href="Software_driver" class="mw-redirect" title="Software driver">software driver</a>, an abstraction layer that hides detail about hardware devices or other software from an application.

</p>

<ul><li>The <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> operating system uses the <a href="Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> kernel at its core, and also provides an <a href="Application_framework" title="Application framework">application framework</a> that developers incorporate into their applications. In addition, <a href="Android_(operating_system)#Design" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> provides a middleware layer including <a href="Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">libraries</a> that provide services such as data storage, screen display, <a href="Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a>, and web browsing. Because the middleware libraries are <a href="Compiler" title="Compiler">compiled</a> to <a href="Machine_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Machine language">machine language</a>, services execute quickly. Middleware libraries also implement device-specific functions, so applications and the application framework need not concern themselves with variations between Android devices. Android's middleware layer also contains the <a href="Android_Runtime" title="Android Runtime">ART</a> <a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> and its core <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> application libraries.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Middleware also refers to the software that separates two or more APIs and provides services such as rate-limiting, authentication, and logging.</li>

<li><a href="Game_engine" title="Game engine">Game engine</a> software such as <a href="Gamebryo" title="Gamebryo">Gamebryo</a> and <a href="RenderWare" title="RenderWare">RenderWare</a> are sometimes described as middleware because they provide services to simplify game development.<sup id="cite_ref-MooreIntro06_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreIntro06-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>In simulation technology, <i>middleware</i> is generally used in the context of the <a href="High_level_architecture_(simulation)" class="mw-redirect" title="High level architecture (simulation)">high level architecture</a> (HLA) that applies to many distributed simulations. It is a layer of software that lies between the <a href="Application_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Application code">application code</a> and the <a href="Run-Time_Infrastructure_(simulation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Run-Time Infrastructure (simulation)">run-time infrastructure</a>. Middleware generally consists of a library of functions, and enables a number of applications—simulations or federates in HLA terminology—to <a href="Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">page</a> these functions from the common library rather than recreate them for each application.<sup id="cite_ref-DriraCoop03_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DriraCoop03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Wireless networking developers can use middleware to meet the challenges associated with a <a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">wireless sensor network</a> (WSN). Implementing a middleware application allows WSN <a href="Middleware_Analysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Middleware Analysts">developers</a> to integrate operating systems and hardware with the wide variety of currently available applications.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The <a href="QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> operating system offers middleware for providing multimedia services for use in <a href="Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobiles</a>, <a href="Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, and other environments.<sup id="cite_ref-QNX08_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-QNX08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><a href="Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a> (RFID) software toolkits provide middleware to filter noisy and redundant raw data.<sup id="cite_ref-GloverRFID06_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloverRFID06-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Language-agnostic" title="Language-agnostic">Language-agnostic</a></li>

<li><a href="Third-party_software_component" title="Third-party software component">Third-party software component</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://middleware-conf.github.io/">"Middleware conference"</a>. <i>middleware-conf.github.io</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-16</span></span>. <q>Middleware is a distributed-system software that resides between applications and underlying platforms (operating systems; databases; hardware), and/or ties together distributed applications, databases or devices. Its primary role is to coordinate and enable communication between different layers or components while isolating much of the complexity of distribution into a single, well tested and well understood system abstraction.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MW-00-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW-00_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120629211518/http://www.middleware.org/whatis.html">"What is Middleware?"</a>. <i>Middleware.org</i>. Defining Technology. 2008. Archived from the original on June 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGall2005" class="citation web cs1">Gall, Nick (July 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ironick.typepad.com/ironick/2005/07/update_on_the_o.html">"Origin of the term <i>middleware</i>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-EtzkornIntro17-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EtzkornIntro17_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEtzkorn,_L._H.2017" class="citation book cs1">Etzkorn, L. H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AZgnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT45"><i>Introduction to Middleware: Web Services, Object Components, and Cloud Computing</i></a>. CRC Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781498754101</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowiak" class="citation web cs1">Krakowiak, Sacha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050507151935/http://middleware.objectweb.org/">"What's middleware?"</a>. ObjectWeb.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://middleware.objectweb.org/">the original</a> on 2005-05-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-05-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-LuckhamEvent11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LuckhamEvent11_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLuckham,_D._C.2011" class="citation book cs1">Luckham, D. C. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqWxewxhyq8C&pg=PA27"><i>Event Processing for Business: Organizing the Real-Time Enterprise</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781118171851</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SimonOpen14-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SimonOpen14_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_A._R.Wheeler,_T.2014" class="citation book cs1">Simon, A. R.; Wheeler, T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jyOjBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA43"><i>Open Client/Server Computing and Middleware</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">43–</span>49. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781483214276</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ArregocesData03-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArregocesData03_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFArregoces,_M.Portolani,_M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Arregoces, M.; Portolani, M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcoqBXbG9IsC&pg=PA92"><i>Data Center Fundamentals</i></a>. Cisco Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>93. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781587140747</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-SAFService11-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SAFService11_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160804111030/http://devel.opensaf.org/SAI-Overview-B.05.03.AL.pdf">"Service Availability Interface Specification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Service Availability Forum. 30 September 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devel.opensaf.org/SAI-Overview-B.05.03.AL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-JokiahoService12-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JokiahoService12_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJokiaho,_T.Fryer,_J.2012" class="citation book cs1">Jokiaho, T.; Fryer, J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ql1oHlKkHOsC&pg=PT9">"Foreword"</a>. <i>Service Availability: Principles and Practice</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. xv. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781119941675</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazisKatsiri2022" class="citation journal cs1">Gazis, Alexandros; Katsiri, Eleftheria (15 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3526211">"Middleware 101: What to know now and for the future"</a>. <i>Queue</i>. <b>20</b>: <span class="nowrap">10–</span>23. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F3526211">10.1145/3526211</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247494415">247494415</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlie Collins, Michael Galpin and Matthias Kaeppler, Android in Practice, Manning Publications, 2011</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-MooreIntro06-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreIntro06_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMoore,_M._E.2006" class="citation book cs1">Moore, M. E. (2006). <i>Introduction to the Game Industry</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. p. 169. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780131687431</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-DriraCoop03-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DriraCoop03_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBecchini,_R.Chilaev,_P.Krivtsov,_V.2003" class="citation book cs1">Becchini, R.; Chilaev, P.; Krivtsov, V.; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2clrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">"Chapter 4: Middleware"</a>. In Drira, K.; Martelli, A.; Villemur, T. (eds.). <i>Cooperative Environments for Distributed Systems Engineering: The Distributed Systems Environment Report</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>4. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9783540455820</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadim, S. and Mohamed, N. (2006). Middleware challenges and approaches for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Distributed Systems Online vol 7. Issue 3. Retrieved March 4, 2009 from

<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsonline.computer.org/portal/site/dsonline/menuitem.3a529f3832e8f1e13587e0606bcd45f3/index.jsp">iEEE Distributed Systems Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928211251/http://dsonline.computer.org/portal/site/dsonline/menuitem.3a529f3832e8f1e13587e0606bcd45f3/index.jsp">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-QNX08-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-QNX08_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qnx.com/news/pr_2901_1.html">"QNX Software Joins Internet ITS Consortium of Japan"</a>. <i>QNX News Releases</i>. QNX. 6 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-GloverRFID06-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GloverRFID06_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGlover,_B.Bhatt,_H.2006" class="citation book cs1">Glover, B.; Bhatt, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cKKZoH48D4cC&pg=PA38"><i>RFID Essentials</i></a>. O'Reilly Media. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780596009441</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/middleware" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/middleware"><i>middleware</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science1050" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Computer_science1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li>

<li><a href="Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li>

<li><a href="Very-large-scale_integration" title="Very-large-scale integration">Very-large-scale integration</a></li>

<li><a href="System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">System on a chip</a> (SoC)</li>

<li><a href="Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption</a> (green computing)</li>

<li><a href="Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li>

<li><a href="Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li>

<li><a href="Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li>

<li><a href="Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyber-physical_system" title="Cyber-physical system">Cyber-physical system</a></li>

<li><a href="Fault_tolerance" title="Fault tolerance">Fault tolerance</a></li>

<li><a href="Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li>

<li><a href="Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Network protocol</a></li>

<li><a href="Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li>

<li><a href="Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li>

<li><a href="Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li>

<li><a href="Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li>

<li><a href="Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Control_flow" title="Control flow">Control variable</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li>

<li><a href="Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li>

<li><a href="Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li>

<li><a href="Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li>

<li><a href="Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li>

<li><a href="Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li>

<li><a href="Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li>

<li><a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li>

<li><a href="Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_process_control" title="Industrial process control">Process control system</a></li>

<li><a href="Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li>

<li><a href="Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li>

<li><a href="Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li>

<li><a href="Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="external text external" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-centered_computing">Human–centered computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li>

<li><a href="Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">Augmented reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li>

<li><a href="Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li>

<li><a href="Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li>

<li><a href="Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li>

<li><a href="Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li>

<li><a href="Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li>

<li><a href="Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li>

<li><a href="Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li>

<li><a href="Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_computing" title="Quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li>

<li><a href="E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li>

<li><a href="Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li>

<li><a href="Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li>

<li>Differentiable computing</li>

<li><a href="Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li>

<li><a href="Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li>

<li><a href="Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li>

<li><a href="Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li>

<li><a href="Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> Glossaries</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146768#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata529" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4426067-2">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c5f12e3a-06b0-4330-a485-f00fae55281c">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Middleware&oldid=1304335231">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>